![]() ![]() Except for the PLA2G4A (cPLA2 IVA) and PTGS2 (COX-2) genes at 1q25, highly inter-correlated genes were at distant chromosomal loci. Expression of DHA cascade enzymes was less inter-correlated in each period, but often changed in the opposite direction to expression of AA cascade genes. Expression of genes for cytosolic phospholipases A2 (cPLA2), cyclooxygenases (COX)-1 and -2, and other AA cascade enzymes, correlated closely with age during Development, less so during Aging. Expression patterns were split into Development (0 to 20 years) and Aging (21 to 78 years) intervals. The BrainCloud database for human non-pathological prefrontal cortex gene expression was used to quantify postnatal age changes in mRNA expression of 34 genes involved in AA and DHA metabolism. ![]() AA and DHA pathway genes are coordinately expressed and underlie cascade interactions during human brain development and aging. Each is metabolized via coupled enzymatic reactions within separate but interacting metabolic cascades. The polyunsaturated arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids (AA and DHA) participate in cell membrane synthesis during neurodevelopment, neuroplasticity, and neurotransmission throughout life. Ryan, Veronica H Primiani, Christopher T Rao, Jagadeesh S Ahn, Kwangmi Rapoport, Stanley I Blanchard, Helene The hospital's structure and culture are major determinants of leadership styles.Ĭoordination of gene expression of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid cascade enzymes during human brain development and aging. ![]() Interaction effects between leadership styles and hierarchical level were observed only for perceived unit effectiveness. Transformational leadership had a stronger impact on criterion variables than transactional leadership. Rather, the variation of leadership scores was explained primarily by the organizational context. No support was found for a cascading effect of leadership across hierarchical levels. The main sources of variation among leadership scores were determined with analyses of variance (ANOVA), and the interaction effect of hierarchical level and leadership styles on criterion variables was tested with moderated regression analysis. Based on a sample of eight hospitals, the cascading effect was tested using correlation analysis. To examine the cascading effect of leadership styles across hierarchical levels in a sample of nursing departments and to investigate the effect of hierarchical level on the relationships between leadership styles and various work outcomes. One study examined this effect in nursing, but it was limited to a single hospital. Some researchers have reported on the cascading effect of transformational leadership across hierarchical levels. Leadership styles across hierarchical levels in nursing departments. ![]()
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